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Memory Management

Stack Allocation​

int x = 42
Point p
p.x = 10
p.y = 20

Heap Allocation​

int* ptr = new int
*ptr = 42

int[] arr = new int[1000]
arr[0] = 1
arr[999] = 1000

Pointer Operations​

int x = 42
int* ptr = &x     # Address-of
print(*ptr)       # Dereference: 42
*ptr = 99         # Modify through pointer
print(x)          # 99

Pointer Arithmetic​

int[] arr = new int[10]
int* first = arr
int* third = first + 2  # Points to arr[2]

Pointer-to-Pointer​

int x = 42
int* ptr = &x
int** pptr = &ptr

print(**pptr)  # 42

64-bit Pointers​

int64* large_ptr = new int64
*large_ptr = 9223372036854775807

uint64* unsigned_ptr = new uint64
*unsigned_ptr = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

Safety​

  • Always initialize pointers before use
  • Check for null before dereferencing
  • Free heap memory when done
  • Avoid buffer overflows